Which of the following is a PTSD category that includes negative mood changes and difficulty in thinking?

• A. Alterations in cognition and mood
• B. Intrusion
• C. Avoidance
• D. Arousal and reactivity

Answer: (A)

Understanding PTSD symptom clusters helps identify where a symptom fits. PTSD symptoms fall into four groups: intrusion (re-experiencing the trauma), avoidance (avoiding reminders), negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and arousal and reactivity. The description “negative mood changes and difficulty in thinking” points to the cluster of negative alterations in cognitions and mood. This group covers enduring negative beliefs about oneself or the world, distorted blame, persistent negative emotional states, diminished interest or participation in activities, feelings of detachment, and trouble concentrating or remembering aspects of the event. So this category best matches mood and cognitive changes rather than the other clusters. Intrusion involves flashbacks or distressing memories, avoidance involves steering clear of reminders, and arousal and reactivity includes hypervigilance, irritability, sleep problems, and similar symptoms.